Ubuntu do-release-upgrade
我有一个关于do-release-upgrade的问题。 我有一个安装了以下组件的系统（还有一些，但这些与问题无关，服务器的目的是成为我的Bacula备份系统的MySQL服务器）：
- Bacula客户
由于它是一个服务器，我特别没有安装bacula-traymonitor，这将导致安装一系列与X11相关的软件包。 X11对于服务器环境imho没有用，虽然我知道某些守护进程需要一些X11库，比如opensshd，它依赖于X11库，这就是为什么有些X11库可能最终都安装在我的安装上了。
我刚刚发布了do-release-upgrade -d（出于某些原因，没有-d选项，它仍然没有显示任何版本升级，即使它是在7月24日之后），我注意到以下内容：bacula-traymonitor正在进行要安装，以及我在服务器上特别不想要的整个X11级别的东西。 bacula客户端的正常操作不需要包装，因此它不应作为要安装的包装出现在升级雷达上。 我会将此归类为错误 。
除了显而易见的方法，有没有办法让我指示做释放升级不安装所有多余的东西，如bacula-traymonitor？ 显而易见的方法是“让do-release-upgrade做自己的事情然后删除包裹”，这无疑会在我的系统中留下残余物，就像我移除bacula-traymonitor后未使用的未使用的X11库一样。 我有几个其他系统我希望升级到14.04.1 LTS，几乎所有系统都安装了bacula-client，所以这意味着很多不必要的工作。
详情如下：
Remove (was auto installed) libperl5.14 libsnmp15 xz-lzma Install: aptitude-common bacula-traymonitor cpp-4.8 crda dh-python fontconfig fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core g++-4.8 gawk gcc-4.8 gcc-4.8-base gcc-4.9-base hicolor-icon-theme init-system-helpers iproute2 iw kmod libaio1 libapparmor1 libapt-inst1.5 libarchive-extract-perl libasan0 libasprintf0c2 libatk1.0-0 libatk1.0-data libatm1 libatomic1 libaudit-common libaudit1 libavahi-client3 libavahi-common-data libavahi-common3 libbind9-90 libboost-iostreams1.54.0 libcairo2 libcap2-bin libcgmanager0 libck-connector0 libcloog-isl4 libcups2 libdatrie1 libdb5.3 libdbi1 libdebconfclient0 libdns100 libestr0 libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libfontconfig1 libgcc-4.8-dev libgck-1-0 libgcr-3-common libgcr-base-3-1 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgnutls-openssl27 libgraphite2-3 libgssglue1 libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libgtk2.0-common libharfbuzz0b libisc95 libisccc90 libisccfg90 libisl10 libitm1 libjasper1 libjbig0 libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libjson-c2 libjson0 libkmod2 libldb1 liblog-message-simple-perl liblwres90 libmodule-pluggable-perl libmpc3 libmpdec2 libntdb1 libnuma1 libpam-cap libpam-systemd libpango-1.0-0 libpangocairo-1.0-0 libpangoft2-1.0-0 libperl5.18 libpixman-1-0 libpod-latex-perl libpolkit-agent-1-0 libpolkit-backend-1-0 libprocps3 libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib libpython3-stdlib libpython3.4-minimal libpython3.4-stdlib libsasl2-modules-db libsemanage-common libsemanage1 libsepol1 libsigsegv2 libsmbclient libsnmp30 libssh2-1 libstdc++-4.8-dev libsystemd-daemon0 libsystemd-login0 libtasn1-6 libterm-ui-perl libtevent0 libtext-soundex-perl libthai-data libthai0 libtiff5 libtirpc1 libtsan0 libudev1 libustr-1.0-1 libxcb-render0 libxcb-shm0 libxcomposite1 libxcursor1 libxdamage1 libxfixes3 libxi6 libxinerama1 libxrandr2 libxrender1 libxtables10 linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-extra-3.13.0-32-generic linux-image-generic nagios-plugins-common ncurses-term openssh-sftp-server policykit-1 python-configobj python-ldb python-ntdb python-requests python-samba python-secretstorage python-six python-talloc python-tdb python-urllib3 python3 python3-apport python3-apt python3-commandnotfound python3-dbus python3-distupgrade python3-gdbm python3-gi python3-minimal python3-problem-report python3-update-manager python3.4 python3.4-minimal rpcbind run-one samba-libs shared-mime-info systemd-services systemd-shim ubuntu-release-upgrader-core wireless-regdb Upgrade: accountsservice acpid adduser apport apport-symptoms apt apt-transport-https apt-utils apt-xapian-index aptitude arj at bacula-client bacula-common bacula-console bacula-doc bacula-fd base-files base-passwd bash bash-completion bc bind9-host binutils bsdmainutils bsdutils build-essential busybox-initramfs busybox-static byobu bzip2 ca-certificates command-not-found command-not-found-data console-setup coreutils cpio cpp cpp-4.6 cron curl dash dbus debconf debconf-i18n debianutils diffutils dkms dmidecode dmsetup dnsutils dosfstools dpkg dpkg-dev dstat e2fslibs e2fsprogs ed eject fakeroot file findutils fonts-ubuntu-font-family-console ftp fuse g++ g++-4.6 gcc gcc-4.6 gcc-4.6-base geoip-database gettext-base gir1.2-glib-2.0 gnupg gpgv grep groff-base grub-common grub-pc grub-pc-bin grub2-common gzip hdparm hostname htop ifupdown info initramfs-tools initramfs-tools-bin initscripts insserv install-info installation-report iotop iproute iptables iputils-ping iputils-tracepath irqbalance isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-common iso-codes joe kbd keyboard-configuration klibc-utils krb5-locales ksh landscape-common language-pack-en language-pack-en-base language-selector-common less libaccountsservice0 libacl1 libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libapt-pkg4.12 libasn1-8-heimdal libattr1 libblkid1 libbsd0 libbz2-1.0 libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev libcap-ng0 libcap2 libclass-isa-perl libcomerr2 libcurl3 libcurl3-gnutls libcwidget3 libdb5.1 libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libdbus-1-3 libdbus-glib-1-2 libdevmapper-event1.02.1 libdevmapper1.02.1 libdpkg-perl libdrm-intel1 libdrm-radeon1 libdrm2 libedit2 libelf1 libept1.4.12 libevent-2.0-5 libexpat1 libffi6 libfreetype6 libfribidi0 libfuse2 libgc1c2 libgcc1 libgcrypt11 libgdbm3 libgeoip1 libgirepository-1.0-1 libglib2.0-0 libgmp10 libgnutls26 libgomp1 libgpg-error0 libgpm2 libgssapi-krb5-2 libgssapi3-heimdal libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libheimntlm0-heimdal libhtml-template-perl libhx509-5-heimdal libidn11 libio-string-perl libiw30 libjs-jquery libk5crypto3 libkeyutils1 libklibc libkrb5-26-heimdal libkrb5-3 libkrb5support0 libldap-2.4-2 liblocale-gettext-perl liblockfile-bin liblockfile1 liblzma5 liblzo2-2 libmagic1 libmount1 libmpfr4 libmysqlclient18 libncurses5 libncurses5-dev libncursesw5 libnewt0.52 libnfnetlink0 libnih-dbus1 libnih1 libnl-3-200 libnl-genl-3-200 libopts25 libp11-kit0 libpam-modules libpam-modules-bin libpam-runtime libpam0g libparted0debian1 libpcap0.8 libpci3 libpciaccess0 libpcre3 libpcsclite1 libpipeline1 libplymouth2 libpng12-0 libpolkit-gobject-1-0 libpopt0 libpq5 libpython2.7 libquadmath0 libradius1 libreadline5 libreadline6 libroken18-heimdal librtmp0 libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules libselinux1 libsensors4 libsigc++-2.0-0c2a libslang2 libsnmp-base libsqlite3-0 libss2 libssl1.0.0 libstdc++6 libstdc++6-4.6-dev libsub-name-perl libtalloc2 libtdb1 libterm-readkey-perl libtext-charwidth-perl libtext-iconv-perl libtimedate-perl libtinfo-dev libtinfo5 libusb-0.1-4 libusb-1.0-0 libuuid1 libwbclient0 libwind0-heimdal libwrap0 libx11-6 libx11-data libxapian22 libxau6 libxcb1 libxdmcp6 libxext6 libxml2 libxmuu1 linux-firmware linux-generic-lts-raring linux-generic-lts-trusty linux-headers-3.13.0-32 linux-headers-3.13.0-32-generic linux-headers-generic-lts-raring linux-headers-generic-lts-trusty linux-image-3.13.0-32-generic linux-image-generic-lts-raring linux-image-generic-lts-trusty linux-libc-dev locales lockfile-progs login logrotate lsb-base lsb-release lshw lsof ltrace lvm2 m4 make makedev man-db manpages manpages-dev mawk mc mc-data mdadm memtest86+ mime-support mlocate module-init-tools mount mountall mtr-tiny multiarch-support mysql-client-5.5 mysql-client-core-5.5 mysql-common mysql-server mysql-server-5.5 mysql-server-core-5.5 mysqltuner nagios-nrpe-server nagios-plugins nagios-plugins-basic nagios-plugins-standard nano ncurses-base ncurses-bin ncurses-doc net-tools netbase netcat-openbsd ntp ntp-doc ntpdate openssh-client openssh-server openssl os-prober parted passwd patch pciutils perl perl-base perl-modules plymouth plymouth-theme-ubuntu-text popularity-contest powermgmt-base ppp pppconfig procmail procps psmisc python python-apport python-apt python-apt-common python-chardet python-crypto python-dbus python-dbus-dev python-debian python-gdbm python-gi python-httplib2 python-keyring python-launchpadlib python-lazr.restfulclient python-lazr.uri python-minimal python-newt python-oauth python-openssl python-pam python-pkg-resources python-problem-report python-serial python-simplejson python-twisted-bin python-twisted-core python-wadllib python-xapian python-zope.interface python2.7 python2.7-minimal readline-common resolvconf rsync rsyslog samba-common samba-common-bin screen sed sendmail sendmail-base sendmail-bin sendmail-cf sendmail-doc sensible-mda sensible-utils sgml-base smbclient snmp ssh-import-id strace sudo sysstat sysv-rc sysvinit-utils tar tasksel tasksel-data tcpd tcpdump telnet time tmux tzdata ubuntu-keyring ubuntu-minimal ubuntu-standard ucf udev ufw unzip update-manager-core update-notifier-common upstart ureadahead usbutils util-linux uuid-runtime vim vim-common vim-runtime vim-tiny w3m watershed wget whiptail whois wireless-tools wpasupplicant xauth xfsprogs xkb-data xml-core xz-utils zlib1g 问题是do-release-upgrade和apt-get dist-upgrade都安装了包含依赖项的软件包以及推荐的软件包。 所以你想要的只是安装依赖项。
对于apt-get dist-upgrade ：
对于dist-upgrade这个过程很简单。 默认情况下，apt-get也会安装推荐的软件包（-s只模拟更改）：
$ sudo apt-get -s install bacula-client Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd bacula-traymonitor Suggested packages: bacula-doc kde gnome-desktop-environment The following NEW packages will be installed: bacula-client bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd bacula-traymonitor
而选项--no-install-recommends不会安装推荐的软件包：
$ sudo apt-get -s --no-install-recommends install bacula-client Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd Suggested packages: bacula-doc Recommended packages: bacula-traymonitor The following NEW packages will be installed: bacula-client bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd 0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
因此，如果您使用apt-get dist-upgrade ，添加--no-install-recommends选项就足够了。
对于do-release-upgrade ：
对于do-release-upgrade ，做同样的事情有点过时了。 但您仍然可以这样做：您需要使用服务器模式，同时编辑/etc/apt/apt.conf文件。
$ man do-release-upgrade -m MODE, --mode=MODE Run in a special upgrade mode. Currently "desktop" for regular upgrades of a desktop system and "server" for server systems are supported.
虽然此联机帮助页不是很有用，但使用-m server导致不安装推荐的软件包。 相应的逻辑可以在第677行的/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/DistUpgrade/DistUpgradeQuirks.py找到。
def ensure_recommends_are_installed_on_desktops(self): """ ensure that on a desktop install recommends are installed (LP: #759262) """ import apt if not self.controller.serverMode: if not apt.apt_pkg.config.find_b("Apt::Install-Recommends"): msg = "Apt::Install-Recommends was disabled," msg += " enabling it just for the upgrade" logging.warn(msg) apt.apt_pkg.config.set("Apt::Install-Recommends", "1")
所以你需要做的就是禁用推荐的软件包。 您可以通过添加或编辑包含以下内容的文件/etc/apt/apt.conf来完成此操作
// Recommends are as of now still abused in many packages APT::Install-Recommends "0"; APT::Install-Suggests "0";
然后运行apt-get update以确保。