系统不再启动。 错误：找不到文件initrd.img-3.11.0-20-generic
错误地，文件initrd.img-3.11.0-20-generic已在目录/ boot中删除。 现在系统不再启动了。
是否有可能恢复initrd.img-3.11.0-20-generic？
从live-cd输出blkid：
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo blkid /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sda1: UUID="999feae4-d45b-4cbf-8015-ef5d62d952cd" TYPE="ext2" /dev/sda5: UUID="9k5hUW-e2Hq-IfIN-08zV-jjDd-0mHm-CHySv4" TYPE="LVM2_member" /dev/sr0: LABEL="Ubuntu 14.04 LTS amd64" TYPE="iso9660" /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root: UUID="8cf4d204-bbf8-44e2-a3e4-0f8c618e67ef" TYPE="ext4" /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1: UUID="6a0999af-2cee-453f-9a01-7c878df6213e" TYPE="swap" 2014年5月29日更新：
以下是我输入的内容（遵循mniess的建议）和系统响应：
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo -i root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root /mnt root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot root@ubuntu:~# for i in dev dev/pts proc sys sys/firmware; do mount --bind /$i /mnt/$i; done root@ubuntu:~# cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf root@ubuntu:~# chroot /mnt root@ubuntu:/# apt-get update
命令apt-get update后的系统响应：
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security InRelease Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security Release.gpg [933 B] Get:2 http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty Release.gpg [72 B] Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease Get:3 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security Release [58.5 kB] Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty Release Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates InRelease Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports InRelease Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed InRelease Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release.gpg Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Sources Get:4 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Sources [16.0 kB] Get:5 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates Release.gpg [933 B] Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main amd64 Packages Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main i386 Packages Get:6 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports Release.gpg [933 B] Get:7 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Sources [14 B] Get:8 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Sources [4,212 B] Get:9 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed Release.gpg [933 B] Get:10 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Sources [687 B] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release Get:11 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main amd64 Packages [51.8 kB] Get:12 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates Release [58.5 kB] Get:13 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted amd64 Packages [14 B] Get:14 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe amd64 Packages [17.9 kB] Get:15 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse amd64 Packages [1,154 B] Get:16 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports Release [58.6 kB] Get:17 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main i386 Packages [49.4 kB] Get:18 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted i386 Packages [14 B] Get:19 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed Release [58.5 kB] Get:20 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe i386 Packages [17.9 kB] Get:21 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse i386 Packages [1,404 B] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Sources Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en_US Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Sources Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Sources Get:22 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-en [24.4 kB] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Sources Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main amd64 Packages Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-de Hit http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted amd64 Packages Hit http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe amd64 Packages Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse amd64 Packages Get:23 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-en [9,065 B] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main i386 Packages Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted i386 Packages Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe i386 Packages Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse i386 Packages Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-de Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-de Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-de Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-de Get:24 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Sources [45.7 kB] Get:25 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Sources [14 B] Get:26 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Sources [28.2 kB] Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-en_US Get:27 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Sources [2,234 B] Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-de Get:28 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main amd64 Packages [109 kB] Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-en_US Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-de Get:29 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted amd64 Packages [14 B] Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-en_US Get:30 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe amd64 Packages [74.9 kB] Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-de Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-en_US Get:31 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse amd64 Packages [7,089 B] Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-de Get:32 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main i386 Packages [107 kB] Get:33 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted i386 Packages [14 B] Get:34 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe i386 Packages [75.3 kB] Get:35 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse i386 Packages [7,273 B] Get:36 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-en [51.2 kB] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-en Get:37 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-en [33.8 kB] Get:38 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Sources [14 B] Get:39 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Sources [14 B] Get:40 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Sources [4,123 B] Get:41 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Sources [768 B] Get:42 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main amd64 Packages [14 B] Get:43 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted amd64 Packages [14 B] Get:44 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe amd64 Packages [4,099 B] Get:45 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse amd64 Packages [619 B] Get:46 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main i386 Packages [14 B] Get:47 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted i386 Packages [14 B] Get:48 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe i386 Packages [4,114 B] Get:49 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse i386 Packages [619 B] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-en Get:50 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-en [307 B] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-en Get:51 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-en [2,506 B] Get:52 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main amd64 Packages [88.4 kB] Get:53 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted amd64 Packages [14 B] Get:54 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse amd64 Packages [14 B] Get:55 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe amd64 Packages [16.6 kB] Get:56 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main i386 Packages [85.5 kB] Get:57 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted i386 Packages [14 B] Get:58 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse i386 Packages [14 B] Get:59 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe i386 Packages [16.7 kB] Get:60 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main Translation-en [40.7 kB] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main Translation-de Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse Translation-de Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted Translation-en Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted Translation-de Get:61 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe Translation-en [10.4 kB] Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-de Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted Translation-en_US Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe Translation-en_US Fetched 1,250 kB in 8s (145 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done root@ubuntu:/#
然后我进入了：
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get --reinstall install linux-image-3.11.0-20-generic
……得到以下答复：
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Reinstallation of linux-image-3.11.0-20-generic is not possible, it cannot be downloaded. The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: linux-image-generic Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove it. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1674 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y Setting up icaclient (12.1.0) ... /var/lib/dpkg/info/icaclient.postinst: 696: /var/lib/dpkg/info/icaclient.postinst: nspluginwrapper: not found dpkg: error processing icaclient (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 2 Errors were encountered while processing: icaclient E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
接下来我输入了：
root@ubuntu:/# update-grub
系统回复：
Generating grub.cfg ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-20-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-19-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-18-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-17-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-15-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic Found memtest86+ image: /memtest86+.bin done
然后我进入了：
root@ubuntu:/# grub-install
得到了这个：
Install device isn't specified. Usage: grub-install [OPTION] [INSTALL_DEVICE] Install GRUB on your drive. -h, --help print this message and exit -v, --version print the version information and exit --modules=MODULES pre-load specified modules MODULES --boot-directory=DIR install GRUB images under the directory DIR/grub instead of the /boot/grub directory --target=TARGET install GRUB for TARGET platform [default=current] --directory=DIR use GRUB images from DIR. Takes precedence over target --grub-setup=FILE use FILE as grub-setup --grub-mkimage=FILE use FILE as grub-mkimage --grub-mkrelpath=FILE use FILE as grub-mkrelpath --grub-probe=FILE use FILE as grub-probe --allow-floppy make the drive also bootable as floppy (default for fdX devices). May break on some BIOSes. --recheck delete device map if it already exists --force install even if problems are detected --force-file-id use identifier file even if UUID is available --disk-module=MODULE disk module to use (biosdisk or native). This option is only available on BIOS target. --no-nvram don't update the `boot-device' NVRAM variable. This option is only available on IEEE1275 targets. --removable the installation device is removable. This option is only available on EFI. --bootloader-id=ID the ID of bootloader. This option is only available on EFI. --efi-directory=DIR use DIR as the EFI System Partition root. --uefi-secure-boot install an image usable with UEFI Secure Boot. This option is only available on EFI and if the grub-efi-amd64-signed package is installed. --no-uefi-secure-boot do not install an image usable with UEFI Secure Boot, even if the system was currently started using it. This option is only available on EFI. INSTALL_DEVICE must be system device filename. grub-install copies GRUB images into /boot/grub, and uses grub-setup to install grub into the boot sector. Report bugs to .
如您所见，该过程显示了一些错误。 结果是系统仍然无法启动。 有人知道如何解决错误吗？
首先，特别是作为初学者，您不应该编辑用户主目录之外的文件。 不要手动弄乱你的系统。 让Ubuntu在何时何地处理它需要的文件。
那说：它涉及更多，但你可以使用live-dvd或USB记忆棒（USB更快）修复Ubuntu。 我会指导你完成它：
启动实时系统并收集信息
它与安装Ubuntu时的操作相同。 只需确保选择“尝试Ubuntu” 。 当您看到桌面时，打开终端（ CTRL + ALT + T ）并运行以下命令：
sudo blkid
这将给你一个这样的结果
/dev/sda1: LABEL="EFI" UUID="70D6-1701" TYPE="vfat" /dev/sda2: UUID="68ca53b3" LABEL="OSX" TYPE="hfsplus" /dev/sda3: UUID="49526001" LABEL="Recovery HD" TYPE="hfsplus" /dev/sda4: LABEL="BOOTCAMP" UUID="FCF67D7DF67D394A" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda6: UUID="c1c76922" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda7: UUID="3b171268" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda8: UUID="bf3dd1b7" TYPE="swap"
请将此命令的结果发回此处，以便我们为您提供进一步的帮助。 我将继续上面的例子。
Chroot进入已安装的系统
使用chroot，您可以使用live linux并切换到安装在硬盘上的Linux来修复它。 您的系统是使用EFI还是BIOS是很重要的。 如果您在机器上安装了Windows 8，那么它是EFI的一个很好的指标。 在上面的示例中，有一个小的vfat分区甚至称为EFI，因此上述系统使用EFI启动。 两个ext4分区是Linux分区。 您可以从启动器中打开它们以查看哪个包含到根文件系统（包含诸如etc ， usr ， var 等文件夹）。 在上面的例子中， / dev / sda6是根分区， / dev / sda1是EFI分区。
在终端中运行以下命令以准备和打开chroot。
sudo -i mount /dev/sda6 /mnt mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot/efi for i in dev dev/pts proc sys sys/firmware; do mount --bind /$i /mnt/$i; done chroot /mnt
如果实际使用EFI，则只需安装EFI分区，否则可以省略该行。
您发布的分区列表表明您使用LVM，因此我们需要考虑到这一点。 用以下代码替换上面的两个mount命令：
mount /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root /mnt mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
修理
要修复系统，请继续运行以下命令。
apt-get update apt-get --reinstall install linux-image-3.11.0-20-generic update-grub grub-install exit
现在重启机器，你应该全部设置好。
此目录中的文件对您的安装至关重要，因此您应该对它们非常小心，因为您刚刚发现:-)
但我认为并非一切都失败了。 您应该能够重新安装该文件。 为此，您可能必须使用Ubuntu live CD / USB记忆棒启动计算机。 步骤将是
- 在您的实时环境中挂载计算机的本地分区，然后chroot到挂载的根目录中。
- 重新安装linux-image-3.11.0-20-generic，IIRC应该为你生成文件。
我将无法在此详细介绍这两个步骤。 谷歌搜索他们应该出现一些指导，将帮助你一路走来。
编辑 ：看看emniess的伟大post谁比我快，并很好地指导你完成整个过程。
- 从GRUB打开“Ubuntu的高级选项”（如果它只是操作系统，请在BIOS屏幕后使用Shift ）。
- 启动旧内核。
-
使用
sudo update-grub（我认为它适用于较新的Ubuntu）
-
重启。