只保留必要的包裹
为了更多地了解Ubuntu及其软件包，我想删除所有非必要的软件包，这样我就可以安装我需要的东西，当我需要它们并知道它们的作用时。
我正在使用命令dpkg --clear-selections和apt-get dselect-upgrade 。 我还通过设置apt libstdc++6 (due to apt) install-info (due to grep)再次apt libstdc++6 (due to apt) install-info (due to grep)稍微修改选择（不知何故dpkg认为它们不是必需的，但是apt-get抱怨）。
这样可以，还是这么糟糕？ 如果没问题，我该如何处理dpkg中具有“deinstall”状态的大型软件包列表？
另外请注意，我在VPS模板上执行此操作，因此无法控制最初安装的软件包。
使用以下命令，您可以获取按优先级分类的已安装软件包列表：
dpkg-query -Wf '${Package;-40}${Priority}\n' | sort -b -k2,2 -k1,1
Debian Policy Manual中给出了优先级的描述。
在我的安装中，我获得以下内容（我只显示必需的 ， 重要的和标准的包）：
apt important aptitude important apt-utils important bsdmainutils important cron important debconf-i18n important dmidecode important gnupg important gpgv important groff-base important info important install-info important iptables important iputils-ping important isc-dhcp-client important isc-dhcp-common important libapt-inst1.3 important libapt-pkg4.11 important libboost-iostreams1.46.1 important libcwidget3 important libept1 important libgdbm3 important libgdbm3 important libgudev-1.0-0 important libnewt0.52 important libpcre3 important libpipeline1 important libpopt0 important libreadline6 important libssl1.0.0 important libsysfs2 important libusb-0.1-4 important libxapian22 important logrotate important man-db important manpages important medibuntu-keyring important nano important netbase important net-tools important python important readline-common important rsyslog important ubuntu-extras-keyring important ubuntu-keyring important vim-common important vim-tiny important wget important whiptail important adduser required base-files required base-passwd required bash required bsdutils required busybox-initramfs required coreutils required cpio required dash required debconf required debianutils required diffutils required dpkg required e2fslibs required e2fsprogs required findutils required gcc-4.6-base required gcc-4.6-base required grep required gzip required hostname required ifupdown required initscripts required insserv required iproute required klibc-utils required libacl1 required libacl1 required libattr1 required libattr1 required libblkid1 required libbz2-1.0 required libc6 required libc6 required libc-bin required libcomerr2 required libcomerr2 required libdb5.1 required libdbus-1-3 required libdevmapper1.02.1 required libdrm2 required libdrm-intel1 required libdrm-nouveau1a required libdrm-radeon1 required libffi6 required libgcc1 required libgcc1 required libglib2.0-0 required libklibc required liblocale-gettext-perl required liblzma2 required libmount1 required libncurses5 required libncursesw5 required libnih1 required libnih-dbus1 required libpam0g required libpam-modules required libpam-modules-bin required libpam-runtime required libpciaccess0 required libpcre3 required libplymouth2 required libpng12-0 required libselinux1 required libselinux1 required libslang2 required libss2 required libssl1.0.0 required libstdc++6 required libstdc++6 required libtext-charwidth-perl required libtext-iconv-perl required libtext-wrapi18n-perl required libtinfo5 required libudev0 required libuuid1 required libuuid1 required locales required login required lsb-base required lzma required makedev required mawk required module-init-tools required mount required mountall required multiarch-support required ncurses-base required ncurses-bin required passwd required perl-base required plymouth required procps required python2.7-minimal required python-minimal required sed required sensible-utils required sysvinit-utils required sysv-rc required tar required tzdata required udev required upstart required ureadahead required util-linux required xz-utils required zlib1g required zlib1g required at standard bash-completion standard bc standard bind9-host standard dc standard dnsutils standard file standard ftp standard gettext-base standard less standard libbind9-60 standard libcap2 standard libdb5.1 standard libdns69 standard libedit2 standard libevent-2.0-5 standard libgc1c2 standard libgcrypt11 standard libgcrypt11 standard libgnutls26 standard libgnutls26 standard libgpg-error0 standard libgpg-error0 standard libgpm2 standard libgssapi-krb5-2 standard libgssapi-krb5-2 standard libidn11 standard libidn11 standard libisc62 standard libk5crypto3 standard libk5crypto3 standard libkeyutils1 standard libkeyutils1 standard libkrb5-3 standard libkrb5-3 standard libkrb5support0 standard libkrb5support0 standard libldap-2.4-2 standard libldap-2.4-2 standard liblockfile1 standard liblwres60 standard libmagic1 standard libpci3 standard libsasl2-2 standard libsasl2-2 standard libsqlite3-0 standard libsqlite3-0 standard libtasn1-3 standard libtasn1-3 standard libxml2 standard lsof standard m4 standard make standard mime-support standard mlocate standard openssh-client standard patch standard pciutils standard perl standard perl-modules standard python-apt standard python-central standard telnet standard time standard ucf standard wamerican standard whois standard
基本系统被定义为仅包含必需和重要包的系统。
工作系统并不严格要求标记为标准的软件包，但如果您错过它们，可能会遇到困难。
因此，要删除所有不需要的包（ 可选和额外 ），您可以执行以下命令：
sudo apt-get --simulate purge $(dpkg-query -Wf '${Package;-40}${Priority}\n' | awk '$2 ~ /optional|extra/ { print $1 }')
我添加了--simulate选项是安全的，看看apt说的是什么。
奇怪的是，它要求删除一些必需的包： e2fsprogs ， util-linux ， hostname和upstart ，因此有必要重新安装这些包。 我会提前下载软件包（ apt-get download ），以免之后出现网络问题。
还要考虑到，对于工作的Wifi，您可以需要一些可选或额外的包，在上述过程中删除。
关于@ enzotib的回答……
奇怪的是，必需/重要/基本包将具有可选/额外依赖性。 会认为如果那些是硬依赖（而不是建议或建议），那些依赖关系也将被设置为依赖于它们的包的最高优先级。
在Ubuntu 16.04上，我尝试@enzotib的方法时，在删除列表中出现了很多重要的包（apt，sudo，passwd，adduser）。 作为一个脏黑客，用脚本逐个清除可选/额外软件包列表，以查看哪些可选/额外软件包清除触发了删除所需或重要的软件包。
例如：在我的情况下，清除可选包libaudit1会消除许多重要的东西。
root@ro01:~# apt-get purge libaudit1 Reading package lists... Building dependency tree... Reading state information... The following additional packages will be installed: anacron bind9-host build-essential cpp cpp-5 dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5 gcc-5-base initramfs-tools-bin libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libapt-pkg5.0 libasan2 libatomic1 libbind9-140 libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev libcc1-0 libcilkrts5 libdns162 libdpkg-perl libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libgcc-5-dev libgomp1 libisc160 libisccc140 libisccfg140 libisl15 libitm1 liblsan0 liblwres141 libmpc3 libmpx0 libquadmath0 libstdc++-5-dev libstdc++6 libtsan0 libubsan0 libudev1 linux-libc-dev logrotate manpages-dev samba-common Suggested packages: default-mta | mail-transport-agent powermgmt-base cpp-doc gcc-5-locales debian-keyring g++-multilib g++-5-multilib gcc-5-doc libstdc++6-5-dbg gcc-multilib autoconf automake libtool flex bison gdb gcc-doc gcc-5-multilib libgcc1-dbg libgomp1-dbg libitm1-dbg libatomic1-dbg libasan2-dbg liblsan0-dbg libtsan0-dbg libubsan0-dbg libcilkrts5-dbg libmpx0-dbg libquadmath0-dbg glibc-doc libstdc++-5-doc mailx Recommended packages: cron | cron-daemon rsyslog | system-log-daemon apt samba-common-bin The following packages will be REMOVED: adduser* apache2* apache2-bin* apache2-utils* apt* apt-utils* aptitude* bind9* bsd-mailx* cron* dbus* dmsetup* fetchmail* ifupdown* initramfs-tools* initramfs-tools-core* initscripts* libapr1* libaprutil1* libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3* libaprutil1-ldap* libaudit1* libblkid1* libcryptsetup4* libfdisk1* libmount1* libpam-modules* libpam-modules-bin* libpam-runtime* libpam0g* libsemanage1* libuuid1* libxapian22v5* login* mlocate* mount* mountall* openssh-client* openssh-server* openssh-sftp-server* passwd* plymouth* postfix* procps* python-samba* rpcbind* rsyslog* samba* samba-common-bin* samba-libs* sasl2-bin* screen* ssl-cert* sudo* systemd* systemd-sysv* udev* util-linux* uuid-runtime* wget* The following NEW packages will be installed: anacron build-essential cpp cpp-5 dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5 libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan2 libatomic1 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev libcc1-0 libcilkrts5 libdpkg-perl libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libgcc-5-dev libisl15 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpc3 libmpx0 libquadmath0 libstdc++-5-dev libtsan0 libubsan0 linux-libc-dev manpages-dev The following packages will be upgraded: bind9-host gcc-5-base initramfs-tools-bin libapt-pkg5.0 libbind9-140 libc6 libdns162 libgomp1 libisc160 libisccc140 libisccfg140 liblwres141 libstdc++6 libudev1 logrotate samba-common WARNING: The following essential packages will be removed. This should NOT be done unless you know exactly what you are doing! apt adduser (due to apt) login libaudit1 (due to login) libpam0g (due to login) libpam-runtime (due to login) libpam-modules (due to login) mount libblkid1 (due to mount) libmount1 (due to mount) util-linux libfdisk1 (due to util-linux) libuuid1 (due to util-linux) 16 upgraded, 34 newly installed, 60 to remove and 124 not upgraded. Need to get 41.1 MB of archives. After this operation, 12.4 MB of additional disk space will be used. You are about to do something potentially harmful. To continue type in the phrase 'Yes, do as I say!' ?] Abort.
同样有趣的是， aptitude why和apt-cache rdepends显示出如此不同的结果。
root@ro01:~# dpkg-query -Wf '${Package;-40}${Priority}\n' | sort -b -k2,2 -k1,1 | grep 'libaudit1' libaudit1 optional root@ro01:~# aptitude why libaudit1 i sudo Depends libaudit1 (>= 1:2.2.1) root@ro01:~# dpkg-query -Wf '${Package;-40}${Priority}\n' | sort -b -k2,2 -k1,1 | grep 'sudo ' sudo optional root@ro01:~# aptitude why sudo i mountall Depends plymouth p plymouth Recommends plymouth-theme-ubuntu-text | plymouth-theme p mythbuntu-default-settings Provides plymouth-theme p mythbuntu-default-settings Recommends lightdm p lightdm Recommends xserver-xorg p xserver-xorg Recommends xserver-xorg-video-all | xorg-driver-video p nvidia-384 Provides xorg-driver-video p nvidia-384 Depends dkms p dkms Recommends menu | sudo
apt-cache rdepends显示了更多……
root@ro01:~# apt-cache rdepends libaudit1 libaudit1 Reverse Depends: sudo systemd openssh-server libaudit-dev xwayland-hwe-16.04 xserver-xephyr-hwe-16.04 xmir-hwe-16.04 sudo-ldap xserver-xorg-core-hwe-16.04 systemd sudo libvirt0 dbus-1-dbg dbus xwayland-hwe-16.04 xwayland xvfb xserver-xephyr-hwe-16.04 xserver-xephyr xnest xmir-hwe-16.04 xmir xdmx sudo-ldap python3-audit python-audit nscd linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1024 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1022 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1021 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1020 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1019 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1017 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1015 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1012 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1010 linux-oem-tools-4.13.0-1008 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1004 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1034 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1033 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1032 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1031 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1028 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1027 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1026 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1024 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1022 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1018 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1016 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1014 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1013 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1012 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1010 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1009 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1008 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1006 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1005 linux-gke-tools-4.4.0-1003 linux-gcp-tools-4.13.0-1013 linux-gcp-tools-4.13.0-1012 linux-gcp-tools-4.13.0-1011 linux-gcp-tools-4.13.0-1008 linux-gcp-tools-4.13.0-1007 linux-gcp-tools-4.13.0-1006 linux-gcp-tools-4.13.0-1002 linux-gcp-tools-4.10.0-1009 linux-gcp-tools-4.10.0-1008 linux-gcp-tools-4.10.0-1007 linux-gcp-tools-4.10.0-1006 linux-gcp-tools-4.10.0-1004 linux-euclid-tools-4.4.0-9026 linux-euclid-tools-4.4.0-9025 linux-euclid-tools-4.4.0-9023 linux-euclid-tools-4.4.0-9022 linux-euclid-tools-4.4.0-9021 linux-euclid-tools-4.4.0-9020 linux-euclid-tools-4.4.0-9019 linux-azure-edge-tools-4.15.0-1005 linux-azure-edge-tools-4.14.0-1003 linux-azure-edge-tools-4.13.0-1005 linux-azure-edge-tools-4.13.0-1003 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1012 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1011 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1009 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1007 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1004 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1003 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1001 gdm3 xserver-xorg-core-hwe-16.04 xserver-xorg-core util-linux systemd sudo passwd openssh-server login linux-tools-4.4.0-98 linux-tools-4.4.0-97 linux-tools-4.4.0-96 linux-tools-4.4.0-93 linux-tools-4.4.0-92 linux-tools-4.4.0-91 linux-tools-4.4.0-89 linux-tools-4.4.0-87 linux-tools-4.4.0-83 linux-tools-4.4.0-81 linux-tools-4.4.0-79 linux-tools-4.4.0-78 linux-tools-4.4.0-77 linux-tools-4.4.0-75 linux-tools-4.4.0-72 linux-tools-4.4.0-71 linux-tools-4.4.0-70 linux-tools-4.4.0-67 linux-tools-4.4.0-66 linux-tools-4.4.0-64 linux-tools-4.4.0-63 linux-tools-4.4.0-62 linux-tools-4.4.0-59 linux-tools-4.4.0-57 linux-tools-4.4.0-53 linux-tools-4.4.0-51 linux-tools-4.4.0-47 linux-tools-4.4.0-45 linux-tools-4.4.0-43 linux-tools-4.4.0-42 linux-tools-4.4.0-38 linux-tools-4.4.0-36 linux-tools-4.4.0-34 linux-tools-4.4.0-31 linux-tools-4.4.0-28 linux-tools-4.4.0-24 linux-tools-4.4.0-22 linux-tools-4.4.0-122 linux-tools-4.4.0-121 linux-tools-4.4.0-119 linux-tools-4.4.0-116 linux-tools-4.4.0-112 linux-tools-4.4.0-109 linux-tools-4.4.0-108 linux-tools-4.4.0-104 linux-tools-4.4.0-103 linux-tools-4.4.0-101 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1021 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1020 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1019 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1017 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1015 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1013 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1012 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1010 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1009 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1008 linux-kvm-tools-4.4.0-1007 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-58 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-56 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-54 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-53 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-52 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-51 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-49 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-46 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-45 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-44 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-42 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-41 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-39 linux-hwe-tools-4.8.0-36 linux-hwe-tools-4.13.0-39 linux-hwe-tools-4.13.0-38 linux-hwe-tools-4.13.0-37 linux-hwe-tools-4.13.0-36 linux-hwe-tools-4.13.0-32 linux-hwe-tools-4.13.0-31 linux-hwe-tools-4.13.0-26 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-42 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-40 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-38 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-37 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-35 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-33 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-32 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-30 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-28 linux-hwe-tools-4.10.0-27 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.8.0-34 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.15.0-15 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.15.0-13 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.13.0-25 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.13.0-21 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.13.0-19 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.13.0-17 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.13.0-16 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.11.0-14 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.11.0-13 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.10.0-26 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.10.0-24 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.10.0-22 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.10.0-21 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.10.0-20 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.10.0-19 linux-hwe-edge-tools-4.10.0-14 linux-azure-tools-4.13.0-1014 linux-azure-tools-4.13.0-1012 linux-azure-tools-4.13.0-1011 linux-azure-tools-4.13.0-1009 linux-azure-tools-4.13.0-1007 linux-azure-tools-4.13.0-1006 linux-azure-tools-4.13.0-1005 linux-azure-tools-4.11.0-1016 linux-azure-tools-4.11.0-1015 linux-azure-tools-4.11.0-1014 linux-azure-tools-4.11.0-1013 linux-azure-tools-4.11.0-1011 linux-azure-tools-4.11.0-1009 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1055 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1054 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1052 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1050 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1049 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1048 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1047 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1044 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1043 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1041 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1039 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1038 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1037 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1035 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1032 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1031 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1030 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1028 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1026 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1022 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1020 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1018 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1017 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1016 linux-aws-tools-4.4.0-1013 libvirt0 libpam0g libpam-modules-bin libpam-modules libauparse0 libauparse0 libauparse0 libaudit-common libaudit-common libaudit-common dbus-1-dbg dbus auditd xwayland xvfb xserver-xephyr xnest xmir xdmx ubuntu-core-libs sudo-ldap python3-audit python-audit policycoreutils nscd gdm3 aide-dynamic xserver-xorg-core systemd sudo passwd openssh-server login linux-tools-4.4.0-21 libvirt0 libsemanage1 libpam0g libpam-modules-bin libpam-modules libauparse0 libauparse0 libauparse0 libaudit-dev libaudit-common dbus dbus-1-dbg auditd root@ro01:~#
发现一些更有问题的包……
- libdebconfclient0
- liblz4-1
- libsemanage1
- libsemanage常见
- libsystemd0
- libbsd0
- libexpat1
- libhcrypto4-heimdal的
- libheimntlm0-heimdal的
- libhx509-5-heimdal的
当逐个运行apt-get purge包时，我不再收到关于删除重要包并扫描删除的东西列表的警告，我看到像adduser和apt这样的重要内容不再被删除。 但是，当一次为所有包运行apt-get purge时…警告仍然存在，并且apt和其他东西再次出现在删除列表中，尽管在单独删除包时不在那里。 不知道。
最后，我只是排除了所有库和一些其他软件包，以避免删除我关心的任何内容。
root@ro01:~# apt-get purge $(dpkg-query -Wf \ '${Package;-40}${Priority}\n' | \ awk '$2 ~ /optional|extra/ { print $1 }' | \ grep -vE 'lib|gawk|openssh|insserv|quota|sudo') Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: apache2* apache2-bin* apache2-data* apache2-doc* apache2-utils* bind9* bind9utils* binutils* bsd-mailx* busybox-initramfs* ca-certificates* cifs-utils* console-data* db-util* db5.3-util* debconf-utils* dh-python* dialog* distro-info-data* dmsetup* dselect* ed* expat* fetchmail* finger* fontconfig* fontconfig-config* fonts-dejavu* fonts-dejavu-core* fonts-dejavu-extra* fonts-freefont-ttf* gettext* initramfs-tools* initramfs-tools-bin* initramfs-tools-core* iputils-arping* iputils-tracepath* ldap-utils* libfontconfig1* linux-base* lsb-release* lynx* lynx-common* make* makedev* memtester* mktemp* module-init-tools* mountall* mtools* odbcinst* odbcinst1debian2* openssl* openssl-blacklist* plymouth* postfix* procinfo* psmisc* psutils* pwgen* python-crypto* python-dnspython* python-ldb* python-samba* python-talloc* python-tdb* python3* python3-minimal* python3.5* python3.5-minimal* rsync* samba* samba-common* samba-common-bin* samba-libs* sasl2-bin* sharutils* snmp* ssl-cert* syslinux* tcpdump* tcsh* tdb-tools* tofrodos* ttf-dejavu* ttf-dejavu-core* ttf-dejavu-extra* ttf-freefont* unixodbc* unzip* update-inetd* uuid-runtime* vim* vim-runtime* wide-dhcpv6-client* xinetd* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 96 to remove and 0 not upgraded. After this operation, 195 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y